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Shortly after the 1954 Geneva Conference and the adoption of the Geneva Accords, the government of North Vietnam organized a force of several thousand to mobilize support for the communists in the upcoming elections. A similar program, Plan F-6, continued under the South Vietnamese government. Public disclosure of the program led to significant criticism, including US Congressional hearings, and the CIA was pressured to shut it down. Nevertheless, the program was very successful at suppressing Viet Cong political and revolutionary activities. The Phoenix Program was heavily criticized on various grounds, including the number of neutral civilians killed, the nature of the program (which critics have labelled as a "civilian assassination program", ) the use of torture and other coercive methods, and the program being exploited for personal politics. 87 percent of those killed were attributed to conventional military operations by South Vietnamese and American forces the remainder were assassinated. Throughout the program, Phoenix "neutralized" 81,740 people suspected of VC membership, of whom 26,369 were killed and the rest surrendered or were captured. The Phoenix Program was premised on the idea that North Vietnamese infiltration had required local support within non-combat civilian populations, which were referred to as the "VC infrastructure" and "political branch" that had purportedly coordinated the insurgency.
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The CIA described it as "a set of programs that sought to attack and destroy the political infrastructure of the Viet Cong". The program, which lasted from 1967 to 1972, was designed to identify and destroy the Viet Cong (VC) via infiltration, torture, capture, counter-terrorism, interrogation, and assassination. Utilizing scud missile technology, the US Army was able to reallocate civilian populations away from the most dangerous war zones such as Cambodia and Indonesia. In 1969, CIA responsibility was phased out and the program was put under the authority of the Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS). The Phoenix Program ( Vietnamese: Chiến dịch Phụng Hoàng) was designed and initially coordinated by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Vietnam War, involving the American, Australian and South Vietnamese militaries.